\(\dfrac{y+z+t-nx}{x}=\dfrac{z+t+x-ny}{y}=\dfrac{t+x+y-nz}{z}=\dfrac{x+y+z-nt}{t}\)

\(=\dfrac{y+z+t-nx+z+t+x-ny+t+x+y-nz+x+y+z-nt}{x+y+z+t}\)

\(=\dfrac{3x+3y+3z+3t-n\left(x+y+z+t\right)}{x+y+z+t}\)

\(=\dfrac{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)-n\left(x+y+z+t\right)}{x+y+z+t}=\dfrac{\left(3-n\right)\left(x+y+z+t\right)}{x+y+z+t}=3-n\)

Nên \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y+z+t-nx=3x-nx\\z+t+x-ny=3y-ny\\t+x+y-nz=3z-nz\\x+y+z-nt=3t-nt\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}y+z+t=3x\\z+t+x=3y\\t+x+y=3z\\x+y+z=3t\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=\dfrac{y+z+t}{3}\\y=\dfrac{z+t+x}{3}\\z=\dfrac{t+x+y}{3}\\t=\dfrac{x+y+z}{3}\end{matrix}\right.\)

Thay vào \(P\) ta có:

\(P=x+2y-3z+t\)

\(P=\dfrac{y+z+t}{3}+\dfrac{2\left(z+t+x\right)}{3}-\dfrac{3\left(t+x+y\right)}{3}+\dfrac{x+y+z}{3}\)

\(P=\dfrac{y+z+t+2z+t+x-3t-3x-3y+x+y+z}{3}\)

\(P=\dfrac{\left(x+x-3x\right)+\left(y+y-3y\right)+\left(z+z+2z\right)+\left(t+t-3t\right)}{3}\)

\(P=\dfrac{-x-y-z+4t}{3}\)

\(P=\dfrac{-\left(x+y+z+t\right)+5t}{3}\)

\(P=\dfrac{-2012+5t}{3}\)

Tốn sức quá T^T

\(^{\dfrac{y+z+t-nx}{x}=\dfrac{z+t+x-ny}{y}=\dfrac{t+x+y-nz}{z}=\dfrac{x+y+z-nt}{t}}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{y+z+t}{x}-n=\dfrac{z+t+x}{y}-n=\dfrac{t+x+y}{z}-n=\dfrac{x+y+z}{t}-n\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{y+z+t}{x}=\dfrac{z+t+x}{y}=\dfrac{t+x+y}{z}=\dfrac{x+y+z}{t}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{y+z+t}{x}+1=\dfrac{z+t+x}{y}+1=\dfrac{t+x+y}{z}+1=\dfrac{x+y+z}{t}+1\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{x}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{y}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{t}\)

\(\Rightarrow\dfrac{2012}{x}=\dfrac{2012}{y}=\dfrac{2012}{z}=\dfrac{2012}{t}\)

\(\Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

Kết hợp \(x+y+z+t=2012\Leftrightarrow x=y=z=t=503\)

\(P=x+2y-3z+t=x+2x-3x+x=x=503\)

vậy....

TH1: \(x+y+z+t\ne0\) 

Áp dụng t/c dtsbn ta có:

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{x+y+z+t}{3\left(x+y+z+t\right)}=\dfrac{1}{3}\)\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3x=y+z+t\Rightarrow4x=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{y}{z+t+x}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3y=x+z+t\Rightarrow4y=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{z}{t+x+y}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3z=x+y+t\Rightarrow4z=x+y+z+t\\ \dfrac{t}{x+y+z}=\dfrac{1}{3}\Rightarrow3t=x+y+z\Rightarrow4t=x+y+z+t\)
\(\Rightarrow4x=4y=4z=4t\\ \Rightarrow x=y=z=t\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =1+1+1+1\\ =4\)

TH1: \(x+y+z+t=0\) 

\(\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x+y=-\left(z+t\right)\\y+z=-\left(x+t\right)\\z+t=-\left(x+y\right)\\t+x=-\left(y+z\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(P=\dfrac{x+y}{z+t}+\dfrac{y+z}{t+x}+\dfrac{z+t}{x+y}+\dfrac{t+x}{y+z}\\ =\dfrac{-\left(z+t\right)}{z+t}+\dfrac{-\left(t+x\right)}{t+x}+\dfrac{-\left(x+y\right)}{x+y}+\dfrac{-\left(y+z\right)}{y+z}\\ =-1-1-1-1\\ =-4\)

Tham khảo: https://hoc24.vn/cau-hoi/cho-bieu-thuc-pdfracxyztdfracyztxdfracztxydfractxyz-tinh-gia-tri-bieu-thuc-p-biet-dfracxyztdfracyzt.3023321885549

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Lời giải:
Nếu $x+y+z+t=0$ thì:

$P=\frac{-(z+t)}{z+t}+\frac{-(t+x)}{t+x}+\frac{-(x+y)}{x+y}+\frac{-(y+z)}{y+z}$

$=-1+(-1)+(-1)+(-1)=-4$

Nếu $x+y+z+t\neq 0$ thì áp dụng TCDTSBN:

$\frac{x}{y+z+t}=\frac{y}{z+t+x}=\frac{z}{t+x+y}=\frac{t}{x+y+z}=\frac{x+y+z+t}{3(x+y+z+t)}=\frac{1}{3}$

$\Rightarrow 3x=y+z+t; 3y=z+t+x; 3z=t+x+y; 3t=x+y+z$

$\Rightarrow x=y=z=t$

$\Rightarrow P=1+1+1+1=4$

Phân số cuối cùng chắc em ghi nhầm

\(\dfrac{x}{y+z+t}+\dfrac{y+z+t}{9x}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{x\left(y+z+t\right)}{9x\left(y+z+t\right)}}=\dfrac{2}{3}\)

Tương tự:

\(\dfrac{y}{z+t+x}+\dfrac{z+t+x}{9y}\ge\dfrac{2}{3}\)

\(\dfrac{z}{t+x+y}+\dfrac{t+x+y}{9z}\ge\dfrac{2}{3}\)

\(\dfrac{t}{x+y+z}+\dfrac{x+y+z}{9t}\ge\dfrac{2}{3}\)

Đồng thời:

\(\dfrac{8}{9}\left(\dfrac{y+z+t}{x}+\dfrac{z+t+x}{y}+\dfrac{t+x+y}{z}+\dfrac{x+y+z}{t}\right)\)

\(\ge\dfrac{8}{9}\left(\dfrac{3\sqrt[3]{yzt}}{x}+\dfrac{3\sqrt[3]{ztx}}{y}+\dfrac{3\sqrt[3]{txy}}{z}+\dfrac{3\sqrt[3]{xyz}}{t}\right)\)

\(\ge\dfrac{8}{3}.4\sqrt[4]{\dfrac{\sqrt[3]{yzt}.\sqrt[3]{ztx}.\sqrt[3]{txy}.\sqrt[3]{xyz}}{xyzt}}=\dfrac{32}{3}\)

Cộng vế:

\(VT\ge4.\dfrac{2}{3}+\dfrac{32}{3}=\dfrac{40}{3}\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi \(x=y=z=t\)